Empowering Health, Defending Wellness

Address:

Yashoda Medicity, Indirapuram & Yashoda Hospital, Kaushambi

Blog

Dr. Chhavi GuptaBlog
Fever, General, Vaccine admin

Understanding Post-Viral Fatigue: A Hidden Struggle After Infections

Have you or someone you know felt extreme tiredness and weakness even weeks after recovering from an infection like COVID-19, dengue, or the flu? This prolonged exhaustion might not be just stress or lack of sleep – it could be post-viral fatigue syndrome.

What is Post-Viral Fatigue?

Post-viral fatigue is a lingering sense of tiredness, muscle weakness, and cognitive issues that can follow a viral infection. Unlike normal tiredness, this fatigue doesn’t go away with rest and can significantly impact your daily life.

  • It may appear days or even weeks after recovery.
  • Symptoms can fluctuate and last for weeks to months.
  • It affects people of all ages.

Common Symptoms:

  • Constant exhaustion despite sleeping well
  • Difficulty concentrating or memory issues (‘brain fog’)
  • Muscle and joint pain
  • Headaches
  • Mood swings or depression
  • Sleep disturbances

Why Does It Happen?

While the exact cause is still being studied, post-viral fatigue may result from:

  • The immune system overreacting and remaining active post-infection
  • Persistent inflammation in the body
  • Hormonal imbalances
  • Nerve or tissue damage from the original infection

Who Is at Risk?

While anyone can experience it, some people are more vulnerable:

  • Those who had a severe viral infection
  • Individuals with pre-existing chronic illnesses
  • Patients who didn’t rest enough during recovery
  • People under constant stress

Management and Recovery:

There is no single treatment, but a holistic approach can help:

  • Pace Yourself: Don’t push your limits. Spread out tasks over the day.
  • Rest Wisely: Take short breaks and naps when needed, but avoid oversleeping.
  • Gentle Movement: Light activities like walking or yoga can improve stamina over time.
  • Eat Balanced Meals: Nutritious food supports immune recovery.
  • Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration aids cellular repair.
  • Mental Support: Don’t hesitate to seek psychological help if needed.

When to See a Doctor?

👉 If fatigue lasts more than 4-6 weeks
👉 If it interferes with your ability to work or function
👉 If it is accompanied by unusual symptoms like chest pain or shortness of breath

Early intervention can improve outcomes.

Final Thoughts:

Post-viral fatigue is real and needs attention, not ignorance. The road to recovery might be slow, but with support and patience, it’s possible to regain your energy and well-being. Spread awareness, be kind to your body, and don’t ignore the signs!

👩‍⚕️ Dr. Chhavi Gupta
MBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi)
Senior Consultant – Infectious Diseases

📍 Yashoda Medicity, Indirapuram | 9 AM – 2 PM
📍 Yashoda Hospital, Kaushambi | 3 PM – 5 PM
📞 8851346424
🌐 www.drchhavigupta.com

Fever, Vaccine admin

Understanding Travel Medicine: Staying Healthy Before and After You Travel

In our increasingly global world, travel has become more accessible than ever—but so have the health risks associated with it. Whether you’re heading for business, leisure, or pilgrimage, travel medicine plays a crucial role in ensuring a safe and healthy journey. It involves two vital components: pre-travel preparation and reverse travel medicine (managing post-travel illnesses).

  1. Pre-Travel Preparation: Prevention is Key

Pre-travel consultation is a proactive step to assess the health risks based on your destination, travel duration, purpose, and personal medical history. It typically includes:

🧳 Vaccinations
Some regions require mandatory vaccines (e.g., yellow fever, meningitis), while others may recommend protection against hepatitis A/B, typhoid, Japanese encephalitis, or rabies.

💊 Medications for Prevention
This could include antimalarial tablets, altitude sickness medication, or prophylaxis for traveler’s diarrhea.

🌍 Health Advice Tailored to Destination
Travelers get guidance on insect bite prevention, food and water safety, and environmental hazards (e.g., extreme temperatures, high altitudes, local outbreaks).

🩺 Fitness to Travel Evaluation
Patients with chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, heart conditions, immunocompromised states) may need medical clearance, medication adjustments, or additional travel health planning.

  1. Reverse Travel Medicine: Managing Post-Travel Illnesses

Sometimes, travelers return home feeling unwell. Travel-related infections can present days or even weeks after return, and recognizing these conditions early is critical.

Common symptoms prompting post-travel evaluation include:

  • 🌡️ Fever (possible causes: malaria, dengue, typhoid, chikungunya)
  • 💩 Persistent diarrhea (could indicate amoebiasis, giardiasis, or bacterial causes)
  • 🦟 Skin rashes or ulcers
  • 🤒 Fatigue, joint pain, or respiratory issues

A detailed travel history is essential to guide diagnostic tests and treatment. Timely consultation with an infectious disease expert can help identify and treat tropical diseases, prevent complications, and stop further transmission.

Expert Travel Health Consultation

Whether you’re planning a trip or have just returned from one, your health should never take a backseat. A specialized infectious disease physician can help you prepare, prevent, and manage any travel-related illness.

Dr. Chhavi Gupta
MBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi)
Senior Consultant – Infectious Diseases

📍 Yashoda Medicity, Indirapuram – Mon to Sat | 9:00 AM – 2:00 PM
📍 Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital, Kaushambi – Mon to Sat | 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM
📞 +91 8851 346 424
🌐 www.drchhavigupta.com

Travel smart. Stay protected—before, during, and after your journey.

Vaccine admin

Why Adult Vaccination Is Important: Protecting Health at Every Stage of Life

Vaccines aren’t just for children. In today’s world, adult vaccination plays a critical role in protecting individuals from preventable diseases, reducing the risk of complications, and safeguarding public health. As immunity can decrease with age and lifestyle factors, staying up to date on recommended adult vaccines is essential—especially for those with chronic illnesses, weakened immune systems, or increased exposure to infections.

Understanding the Need

Many adults may not realize that they are vulnerable to diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, shingles, hepatitis, and HPV-related cancers. In some cases, immunity from childhood vaccines can wear off. In others, new vaccines have become available that weren’t part of earlier immunization programs. Additionally, certain conditions—like diabetes, kidney disease, HIV, or cancer—or treatments that suppress the immune system increase the risk of severe infections.

Key Benefits of Adult Vaccination

  • Reduces risk of severe illness: Diseases like pneumococcal pneumonia, influenza, and shingles can lead to serious complications in adults.
  • Prevents disease transmission: Vaccinated adults help protect vulnerable individuals around them—such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised patients.
  • Improves quality of life: Vaccines can prevent debilitating conditions like postherpetic neuralgia (from shingles) and long-term liver damage (from hepatitis B).
  • Cost-effective protection: Preventing disease through vaccination is far more economical than treating advanced illness and managing complications.

Recommended Vaccines for Adults

Vaccination recommendations may vary based on age, medical history, lifestyle, and occupation. Some commonly advised vaccines include:

  • Influenza (Flu) – annually
  • Tdap/Td (Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis) – once every 10 years
  • Hepatitis B – especially for healthcare workers, diabetics, and high-risk individuals
  • HPV vaccine – for adults up to age 45
  • Pneumococcal vaccine – for those 50+ or with lung conditions
  • Shingles vaccine (Shingrix) – for adults over 50
  • COVID-19 vaccines and boosters
  • Travel-related vaccines – such as yellow fever, typhoid, and hepatitis A

Adult Vaccination in Special Populations

  • Pregnant Women and Immunocompromised Patients: These groups need specific vaccinations tailored to their unique medical needs. Consultation with an expert is essential to determine which vaccines are safe and necessary during pregnancy or while on immunosuppressive therapy.
  • Older Adults: Face higher risks of complications and should receive flu, shingles, and pneumonia vaccines.

Consult an Infectious Disease Expert

Vaccination needs vary. An expert can evaluate your medical history, risk factors, and current immunity to create a personalized vaccination plan.

Dr. Chhavi Gupta
MBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi)
Senior Consultant – Infectious Diseases

📍 Yashoda Medicity, Indirapuram – Mon to Sat | 9:00 AM – 2:00 PM
📍 Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital, Kaushambi – Mon to Sat | 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM

📞 +91 8851 346 424
🌐 www.drchhavigupta.com

Take charge of your health. Stay protected, stay vaccinated.

Urine Infection admin

New Treatment Options for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections encountered in clinical practice, but when they become complicated—due to structural abnormalities, catheter use, drug resistance, or immunocompromised states—the treatment becomes more challenging.

Fortunately, advances in medical research have led to several new and effective treatment options for patients battling complicated UTIs.

🧬 What is a Complicated UTI?
A UTI is considered “complicated” when it occurs in a host with factors that increase the risk of treatment failure. These include:

  • Recurrent or drug-resistant infections
  • Anatomical abnormalities of the urinary tract
  • Indwelling catheters
  • Diabetes or immunosuppression
  • Male patients and pregnant women
  • Associated kidney infections (pyelonephritis)

💊 Latest Treatment Options

1. New-Generation Antibiotics
Several newer antibiotics have been approved in recent years specifically targeting multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in complicated UTIs.

  • Cefiderocol : A siderophore cephalosporin that can treat carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). It uses iron uptake pathways to enter bacterial cells.
  • Plazomicin : An aminoglycoside antibiotic effective against ESBL- and CRE-producing bacteria.
    Meropenem-vaborbactam & Imipenem-relebactam : Carbapenem combinations that enhance activity against MDR organisms.

These agents are typically reserved for severe or hospital-acquired UTIs where resistance is confirmed.

2. Oral Antibiotic Options for Resistant UTIs
For stable patients who need outpatient treatment, new oral options are improving outcomes:

  • Fosfomycin Tromethamine (3g sachets) : Effective even against some ESBL-producing bacteria.
  • Pivmecillinam : Widely used in Europe, now gaining traction elsewhere for treating resistant strains.

3. Non-Antibiotic Supportive Therapies
Intravesical antibiotics (administered directly into the bladder) are being used for chronic infections resistant to oral therapy.

Phage Therapy : Still under research, this uses bacteriophages (viruses that kill bacteria) and has shown promise in treating chronic UTIs caused by MDR bacteria.

🧫 Importance of Proper Diagnosis
For complicated UTIs, culture-based diagnosis is critical. Empirical antibiotics often fail due to resistance. An infectious disease specialist plays a crucial role in:

  • Choosing appropriate antibiotics based on sensitivity
  • Managing comorbidities and risk factors
  • Preventing recurrence through long-term care plans

🩺 When to See a Specialist
You should consult a specialist if:

  • You’re having recurrent UTIs
  • Symptoms persist despite treatment
  • You have a catheter, kidney stone, or urinary abnormality
  • You are immunocompromised or diabetic
TB admin

IBD vs Intestinal Tuberculosis: The Role of the Infectious Disease Specialist

Intestinal Tuberculosis (TB) and Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) are two conditions that can appear strikingly similar in clinical presentations, making diagnosis a challenging process. Differentiating between these two is crucial, as their treatments are entirely different—and a wrong diagnosis can lead to harmful outcomes.

Similar Symptoms, Different Causes

IBD, which includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is an autoimmune condition where the body attacks its own gut lining. Intestinal TB, on the other hand, is a bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis affecting the gastrointestinal tract.

Common symptoms of both include:

  • Chronic abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea or altered bowel habits
  • Weight loss
  • Low-grade fever
  • GI bleeding

Despite these similarities, the underlying pathology is very different, which is why the expertise of an Infectious Disease (ID) Specialist is essential.

Why Infectious Disease Evaluation is Key

An ID specialist is trained to detect signs of chronic infections like TB that may mimic autoimmune diseases. They conduct targeted investigations including:

  • PCR testing or GeneXpert for TB DNA
  • Histopathology from biopsies
  • Mantoux (Tuberculin) tests and IGRA (Interferon Gamma Release Assays)
  • Radiological imaging (e.g., CT, MRI)

A thorough infectious workup can prevent the dangerous consequence of misdiagnosing intestinal TB as IBD and wrongly starting immunosuppressants, which can allow TB to disseminate.

  • Treatment: A Delicate Balance
  • Intestinal TB is treated with a full course of Anti-Tubercular Therapy (ATT) for 6–9 months.

IBD often requires long-term immunosuppression (steroids, biologics, etc.).

Starting immunosuppressive treatment in a patient with undiagnosed TB can be fatal. Hence, ruling out TB thoroughly before initiating IBD treatment is a standard recommendation, especially in endemic countries like India.

Clinical Clues That Favor TB Over IBD:

  • History of TB exposure or past TB
  • Presence of lung lesions on chest X-ray
  • Shorter duration of illness
  • Involvement of the ileocecal region
  • Presence of caseating granulomas on biopsy

When to Consult an Infectious Disease Specialist

  • When dealing with unexplained chronic GI symptoms
  • When biopsy shows granulomas or features that are not classic for IBD
  • Before starting immunosuppressive treatment in suspected IBD
  • If there is a lack of response to standard IBD therapies

Remember: Not all granulomatous colitis is IBD—some are TB.

Consult an infectious disease expert to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure safe, effective treatment.
👩‍⚕️ Dr. Chhavi GuptaMBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi)Senior Consultant – Infectious Diseases📍 Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital, Kaushambi📞 For Appointments: +91 8851 346 424🌐 drchhavigupta.com

Vaccine admin

Protecting Health at Every Age: Why Adult Vaccination Matters

Vaccination isn’t just for children. As we age, our immune system naturally weakens, making us more vulnerable to infections. Adult vaccination plays a critical role in preventing serious illnesses, reducing complications, and ensuring a healthier, more active life.

Why Do Adults Need Vaccines?

Adults may require vaccines for several reasons:

  • Immunity may have faded from childhood vaccines

  • Newer vaccines may have become available

  • Age-related risks increase vulnerability to certain infections

  • Chronic illnesses, pregnancy, or weakened immunity demand extra protection

Key Vaccines for Adults

  1. Influenza (Flu Vaccine): Recommended annually, especially for older adults, those with chronic conditions, and healthcare workers.

  2. Tdap (Tetanus, Diphtheria, Pertussis): Booster every 10 years. Pregnant women need a dose in every pregnancy to protect newborns from pertussis.

  3. HPV (Human Papillomavirus): Recommended for women and men up to age 45 to prevent cervical and other cancers.

  4. Hepatitis B: For adults at risk, including healthcare workers and those with diabetes or liver disease.

  5. Pneumococcal Vaccines (PCV13 & PPSV23): Protect against pneumonia; advised for people aged 65+, or younger adults with specific conditions.

  6. Shingrix (Shingles Vaccine): For adults aged 50+ to prevent shingles and related complications.

  7. COVID-19 Vaccines: To protect against severe disease, with boosters as per current guidelines.

Special Situations

  • Pregnant Women: Tetanus, Influenza, and Pertussis vaccines are crucial to protect mother and baby.

  • Travelers: May require yellow fever, typhoid, cholera, or other region-specific vaccines.

  • Immunocompromised Adults: Need personalized vaccine schedules to prevent severe infections.

Take Charge of Your Health

Consult your healthcare provider for a vaccination review based on your age, medical history, and lifestyle. Staying up to date with adult immunization helps protect not just you, but also your family and community.

Dr. Chhavi Gupta
MBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi)
Senior Consultant – Infectious Diseases
Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital, Kaushambi
📞 For Appointments: +91 8851 346 424
🌐 drchhavigupta.com

Vaccine admin

Protecting Lives Through Prevention: World Immunization Week 2025

Vaccines are one of humanity’s most powerful tools—quietly and effectively saving lives for decades. This World Immunization Week, we come together to celebrate the impact of vaccines and call for continued efforts to reach everyone, everywhere, with life-saving immunizations.

A Legacy of Lives Saved

Over the last 50 years, vaccines have saved at least 154 million lives—that’s six lives every minute, around the clock, for half a century.

These essential tools of prevention have transformed global health. Immunization alone has contributed to 40% of the improvement in infant survival, and today, more children reach their first birthday than ever before in human history.

The measles vaccine, in particular, stands out—accounting for 60% of all lives saved through immunization.

Building on Progress

The future of immunization lies not only in sustaining past achievements but also in expanding protection to all age groups:

  • Newborns are safeguarded through the National Immunization Programme, which includes vital vaccines like BCG, OPV, Hepatitis B, and more, to give them the best start in life.
  • Pregnant women receive tetanus and pertussis vaccines to protect both themselves and their unborn babies.
  • Older adults benefit from vaccines against influenza, pneumococcal disease, and shingles (Shingrix)—protecting them from serious complications and hospitalizations.

A Global Commitment

The theme of World Immunization Week 2025, “Immunization for All is Humanly Possible”, is a rallying cry. It acknowledges the enormous efforts made by governments, healthcare workers, scientists, aid agencies, and parents to bring us to this point—a world free of smallpox and on the verge of eliminating polio.

Yet today, we face new challenges. Misinformation, vaccine hesitancy, and global crises threaten hard-won progress. Now is the time to renew our commitment, strengthen healthcare systems, and invest in equity—so no one is left behind.

Less Disease, More Life

Vaccines are living proof that health equity is achievable, that less disease and more life is possible when we work together. This World Immunization Week, let’s show the world that with determination, unity, and compassion—immunization for all is truly humanly possible.

TB admin

ATT-Induced Liver Dysfunction: A Serious Concern in TB Management

Understanding ATT and Its Role

Anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT) is the standard treatment for tuberculosis, typically involving a combination of drugs like isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. While these drugs are effective, some of them carry a known risk of liver toxicity.

What Is ATT-Induced Liver Dysfunction?

ATT-induced liver dysfunction refers to liver damage that occurs as a side effect of TB medications. It often presents as elevated liver enzymes (transaminases), and in some cases, may progress to jaundice or even acute liver failure if left unmonitored.

Symptoms to Watch For

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Abdominal pain (especially in the right upper quadrant)
  • Jaundice (yellowing of eyes and skin)
  • Fatigue or general weakness
  • Dark-colored urine

Who Is at Risk?

Patients at higher risk for liver toxicity from ATT include:

  • Those with pre-existing liver disease (e.g., hepatitis B or C)
  • People with poor nutritional status
  • Elderly individuals
  • Those who consume alcohol regularly
  • HIV-positive individuals
  • Monitoring and Management
  • Baseline Liver Function Tests (LFTs) should be done before starting ATT
  • Routine monitoring is important, especially during the first two months
  • If significant liver injury occurs, drugs may need to be paused and reintroduced gradually under expert guidance
  • Modified regimens or hepatoprotective agents may be considered

Why Early Detection Matters

Delays in recognizing liver dysfunction can lead to serious complications and jeopardize TB treatment. Timely action can prevent permanent damage and allow patients to safely complete their course of therapy.

If you or someone you know is undergoing TB treatment and experiencing symptoms of liver dysfunction, consult an infectious disease specialist immediately.

Dr. Chhavi Gupta
MBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi)
Senior Consultant – Infectious Diseases
Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital, Kaushambi
📞 For Appointments: +91 8851 346 424
🌐 drchhavigupta.com

TB admin

Granulomatous Inflammation: It’s Not Always Tuberculosis

Granulomatous inflammation is a common finding in biopsy samples, particularly in regions where tuberculosis (TB) is prevalent. While TB is a major cause, not every granulomatous reaction is due to tuberculosis. Mistaking every granulomatous lesion as TB can lead to misdiagnosis, unnecessary treatment, and delay in identifying more serious conditions such as malignancies or systemic fungal infections.

What Is Granulomatous Inflammation?

Granulomas are small nodules of immune cells that form in response to chronic inflammation. They act as the body’s defense mechanism to isolate harmful substances or infections it cannot eliminate easily. While TB is a leading cause, other infections and even non-infectious diseases can trigger granuloma formation.

Causes Other Than Tuberculosis

  • Fungal Infections: Diseases like histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and cryptococcosis can all present with granulomas on histopathology.
  • Malignancies: Certain cancers, especially lymphomas, can mimic granulomatous inflammation.
  • Autoimmune Diseases: Sarcoidosis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis are examples of immune-mediated granulomatous diseases.
  • Foreign Body Reactions: Materials such as talc, sutures, or even inhaled particles can provoke granulomatous responses.

Why Correct Diagnosis Matters

In TB-endemic countries like India, clinicians often begin anti-TB treatment based solely on histopathology. However, starting TB treatment without confirming the diagnosis can be dangerous:

  • Delays appropriate care if the cause is fungal, malignant, or autoimmune.
  • Leads to unnecessary side effects and drug resistance.
  • Causes emotional and financial burden on patients and families.

What Should Be Done?

A thorough clinical evaluation, imaging studies, and additional lab tests (like fungal cultures, molecular diagnostics, or special stains) are crucial before initiating any therapy. Multidisciplinary input, including from infectious disease specialists, is often necessary.

When in Doubt, Consult an Expert

If your biopsy shows granulomatous inflammation, but the clinical picture doesn’t match TB, don’t rush into treatment. Consult a specialist to avoid misdiagnosis.

Dr. Chhavi Gupta
MBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi)
Senior Consultant – Infectious Diseases
Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital, Kaushambi

📞 For Appointments: +91 8851 346 424
🌐 More Info: drchhavigupta.com

TB admin

Understanding Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB): Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, but an even greater concern is Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). MDR-TB is a form of TB that does not respond to at least isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF), the two most potent first-line anti-TB drugs. This makes treatment more complex, expensive, and prolonged, increasing the risk of complications and transmission.

Causes of MDR-TB
MDR-TB primarily develops due to:

  • Incomplete or improper TB treatment – When patients fail to complete their full course of TB medication, the bacteria may develop resistance.
  • Incorrect prescription of TB drugs – Using the wrong drug combinations, incorrect dosages, or poor-quality medications can contribute to resistance.
  • Person-to-person transmission – MDR-TB can spread through the air from an infected person to others, making early detection and treatment critical.

Symptoms of MDR-TB
The symptoms of MDR-TB are similar to drug-sensitive TB but may persist despite standard treatment. Common symptoms include:

  • Persistent cough lasting more than three weeks, often with mucus or blood
  • Fever and night sweats
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Chest pain and difficulty breathing

MDR-TB Can Develop at Any Site of Infection
While TB commonly affects the lungs, MDR-TB can also develop in other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, spine, brain, kidneys, and joints . Extrapulmonary MDR-TB may cause symptoms depending on the infected site, such as severe back pain in spinal TB or swelling in lymph node TB.

Diagnosis of MDR-TB
To confirm MDR-TB, specialized laboratory tests such as *GeneXpert, Line Probe Assay (LPA), or Culture and Drug Sensitivity Testing (DST) – are performed to detect drug resistance. These tests help in selecting the appropriate treatment regimen.

Treatment of MDR-TB
MDR-TB treatment is longer and involves second-line antibiotics. The regimen includes:

  • Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, or Linezolid, depending on drug susceptibility testing.
  • Treatment duration ranges between 6 to 24 months.
  • Strict adherence – to treatment is essential to prevent further resistance.
  • Nutritional support and overall health management – play a crucial role in recovery.

Prevention of MDR-TB
Preventing MDR-TB involves:

  • Completing the full course of TB treatment – as prescribed.
  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment – of drug-resistant cases.
  • Infection control measures – like wearing masks, improving ventilation, and avoiding crowded places.
  • BCG vaccination – in children to prevent severe forms of TB.

Conclusion
MDR-TB is a serious public health threat, but early diagnosis and proper treatment can help control its spread. Awareness, adherence to medication, and preventive measures are key in the fight against MDR-TB.

For expert consultation on TB and infectious diseases, visit Dr. Chhavi Gupta, MBBS, MD, DM (AIIMS, New Delhi), Senior Consultant in Infectious Diseases at Yashoda Super Speciality Hospital, Kaushambi.